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Supporting Male Patients: Optimising Sperm Quality Through Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Supplementation
For Healthcare Professionals Only While fertility discussions often focus on women, male reproductive health is just as critical especially given that sperm take approximately 74 days to develop. This provides a three-month window for meaningful dietary and lifestyle intervention (Agarwal et al., 2014). 1. Adopt a Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Numerous studies have linked a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern with improved sperm quality. This diet is rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, fish, olive oil, and nuts, and has been shown to enhance sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and total count (Karayiannis et al., 2018; Salas-Huetos et al., 2018). A systematic review published in Human Reproduction Update confirmed that adherence to this dietary pattern correlates with better semen parameters, likely due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties (Salas-Huetos et al., 2018). 2. Minimise Alcohol and Ultra-Processed Foods Excessive alcohol consumption has been associated with reduced testosterone levels and impaired spermatogenesis (Jensen et al., 2014). Additionally, diets high in ultra-processed foods such as refined snacks, sugary drinks, and processed meats are linked to inflammation and poorer semen quality (Chavarro et al., 2009; Nassan et al., 2018). Encouraging patients to reduce intake of these foods and prioritise whole, nutrient-dense options may yield measurable improvements in sperm parameters over time. 3. Reduce Oxidative Stress Through Antioxidant Support Oxidative stress is a leading cause of sperm dysfunction, contributing to DNA fragmentation, poor motility, and reduced fertilisation potential (Agarwal et al., 2014). Antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, selenium, zinc, CoQ10, and glutathione are known to mitigate oxidative damage to sperm. A meta-analysis of antioxidant supplementation in men with subfertility found significant improvements in sperm motility and DNA integrity (Showell et al., 2014). These nutrients can be obtained from both food and supplementation, depending on the patient's baseline diet and needs. 4. Address Weight, Stress, and Lifestyle Habits Obesity is associated with hormonal imbalances, increased scrotal temperature, and elevated oxidative stress, all of which negatively affect sperm quality (Palmer et al., 2012). Supporting patients in achieving a healthy weight through diet and exercise can improve reproductive outcomes. Stress may also play a role by disrupting the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, leading to altered testosterone levels and reduced sperm production (Eskiocak et al., 2006). Incorporating sleep hygiene, physical activity, and stress management techniques may support overall hormonal health. Smoking cessation is another crucial intervention. Tobacco exposure is directly associated with reduced sperm count and increased DNA fragmentation (Sharma et al., 2016). 5. Consider Targeted Supplementation While diet forms the foundation of fertility health, supplementation may help optimise nutrient intake, particularly for nutrients shown to support sperm development and function. A well-formulated male fertility supplement should include key antioxidants (vitamins C and E, selenium), zinc, L-carnitine, CoQ10, and essential amino acids. Randomised controlled trials have shown that supplementation with these nutrients may improve sperm count, motility, morphology, and reduce DNA fragmentation (Gual-Frau et al., 2015; Buscemi et al., 2019). Conclusion With a three-month spermatogenesis cycle, men have a clear opportunity to positively influence their fertility outcomes. Healthcare professionals can support male patients by recommending evidence-based diet and lifestyle changes, addressing modifiable risk factors, and guiding supplement use where appropriate. Small, consistent changes can yield significant reproductive benefits and may also contribute to overall health and wellbeing. References Agarwal, A., Mulgund, A., Hamada, A., & Chyatte, M. R. (2015). A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 13(1), 37. Buscemi, L., et al. (2019). Effect of antioxidant therapy on sperm quality: meta-analysis of clinical trials. Andrology, 7(4), 446–456. Chavarro, J. E., et al. (2009). Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 113(5), 1050–1056. Eskiocak, S., et al. (2006). Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen quality. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 39(5), 581–588. Gual-Frau, J., et al. (2015). Antioxidant treatment and assessment of sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 32(4), 465–472. Jensen, T. K., et al. (2014). Habitual alcohol consumption associated with reduced semen quality and changes in reproductive hormones. BMJ Open, 4(9), e005462. Karayiannis, D., et al. (2018). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and IVF success rate among non-obese women. Human Reproduction, 33(3), 494–502. Nassan, F. L., et al. (2018). Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men. Human Reproduction, 33(1), 120–131. Palmer, N. O., et al. (2012). Diet and exercise in the management of obesity-related male infertility. Human Fertility, 15(4), 245–253. Salas-Huetos, A., Bulló, M., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2018). Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies. Human Reproduction Update, 24(1), 100–123. Sharma, R., Biedenharn, K. R., Fedor, J. M., & Agarwal, A. (2016). Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 11(1), 66. Showell, M. G., Brown, J., Yazdani, A., Stankiewicz, M. T., & Hart, R. J. (2014). Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12).
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Iodine Deficiency in Pregnancy
For Healthcare Professionals OnlyA 2025 study from University College Cork (UCC) has found that 60% of pregnant women had suboptimal iodine status, a concerning figure given iodine’s central role in reproductive and foetal health. The findings, published in the European Journal of Nutrition, assessed urinary iodine concentration (UIC) data from over 1,500 first-time mothers attending Cork University Maternity Hospital.¹ The average UIC was 125 µg/L, falling below the World Health Organization’s recommended threshold of ≥150 µg/L during pregnancy, suggesting iodine insufficiency.² While two-thirds of participants reported using a pregnancy supplement, the majority remained below optimal levels highlighting gaps in dosage, formulation, or dietary intake. The Role of Iodine in Reproductive Health Iodine is a key component of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate metabolism and are essential for reproductive health. Even mild iodine deficiency can impair thyroid function, which has been linked to reduced fertility, irregular menstrual cycles, and a higher risk of miscarriage. Thyroid hormones closely interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which governs ovulation, menstrual regulation, and sex hormone production. When iodine intake is insufficient, thyroid hormone production is compromised, disrupting these delicate hormonal interactions and potentially impairing conception. Critical in Early Pregnancy During the first trimester, the developing foetus relies entirely on maternal thyroid hormones to support the formation of the brain and spinal cord. If the mother is iodine deficient, this demand may not be met, putting early development at risk. By the time pregnancy is confirmed, organogenesis (organ formation) is already well underway, making preconception iodine status critically important. Unlike some nutrients, iodine is not stored in large reserves. It must be consumed regularly via diet or supplementation to maintain adequate levels. Building iodine stores before conception supports ovulatory health, hormonal balance, and the body’s ability to respond to the increased physiological demands of early pregnancy. How Proceive® Supports Iodine Needs Both Proceive® Conception and Pregnancy formulations contain iodine, supporting the production of maternal thyroid hormones and helping to meet the demands of both reproductive health and foetal development. Proceive® also delivers a wide spectrum of high-strength, bioavailable nutrients, tailored for the pre-conception period and each trimester of pregnancy. With no fillers or unnecessary additives, Proceive® offers a considered, high-quality option for women planning or expecting a baby. Conclusion The UCC findings highlight a significant public health gap: iodine deficiency continues to affect a majority of pregnant women, despite supplement use. For healthcare professionals supporting patients through preconception and pregnancy, ensuring adequate iodine intake through diet and supplementation remains a key step in optimising pregnancy outcomes. References UCC News, 2025. 60% of pregnant women show signs of iodine deficiency. https://www.ucc.ie/en/news/2025/60-of-pregnant-women-in-irish-study-show-signs-of-iodine-deficiency-ucc-research-finds.html WHO, 2007. Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring their Elimination. WHO/NHD/01.1 Zimmermann MB. (2009). Iodine deficiency. Endocrine Reviews, 30(4), 376–408. Bath SC et al. (2013). Maternal iodine status and IQ of offspring: a UK cohort study. The Lancet, 382(9889), 331–337. Bath SC et al. (2017). Iodine deficiency in the UK – A growing concern? Nutrition Bulletin, 42, 206–216. Glinoer D. (2001). Pregnancy and iodine. Thyroid, 11(5), 471–481. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD (2007). Iodine deficiency in pregnancy: public health strategies. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products (2014). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for Iodine. EFSA Journal 2014;12(10):3660.
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What is Bioavailability? Understanding Bioavailability in Nutritional Supplements
For Healthcare Professionals Only When it comes to nutritional supplements, what the body absorbs is just as important as what’s on the label. That’s where bioavailability comes in. Bioavailability refers to the amount of a nutrient that is absorbed from the gut (specifically the small intestine), enters the bloodstream, and reaches the cells where it’s needed or is stored for later use. It plays a critical role in determining how effective a supplement really is. A supplement’s benefits don’t just depend on what nutrients it contains—but on how well those nutrients are absorbed and utilised by the body. Why Bioavailability Matters For patients trying to conceive or going through pregnancy, bioavailability can directly impact outcomes. A formulation that delivers nutrients in an easily absorbed form can make the difference between meaningful support and a missed opportunity. It’s an essential consideration when evaluating the therapeutic value of any supplement. The Bioavailability Process Bioavailability involves several key stages: Digestion Absorption Distribution Metabolism Elimination Each stage is influenced by a number of internal and external factors. Let’s explore the main ones that impact how well nutrients are absorbed. Key Factors That Influence Bioavailability 1. Nutrient FormSome forms of nutrients are more easily absorbed than others. For example: Chromium picolinate is more bioavailable than chromium chloride Methylcobalamin (active B12) is better absorbed and tolerated than cyanocobalamin Methylfolate bypasses the conversion process that folic acid requires 2. Supplement FormatThe physical format (whether capsule, sachet, tablet or liquid) can affect how quickly and efficiently the nutrients are released. Proceive® products are available as capsules and sachets, both chosen to support effective nutrient delivery and ease of use. 3. Nutrient InteractionsNutrients don’t work in isolation. Some help with absorption, while others can hinder it. Enhancers: Vitamin C improves non-heme (plant-based) iron absorption Vitamin D supports the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus A small amount of dietary fat helps absorb fat-soluble nutrients like carotenoids Inhibitors: High zinc intake can reduce the absorption of iron and copper Tannins (found in tea, coffee, red wine) block iron absorption Phytates (found in grains, legumes, nuts) and oxalates (found in spinach, berries, coffee) can reduce mineral absorption When formulating supplements, these interactions matter enhancers and inhibitors can cancel each other out, reducing effectiveness. Proceive® is designed with these interactions in mind. Nutrients are carefully balanced to maximise absorption and minimise interference. 4. Individual VariabilityNutrient absorption is highly individual and influenced by: Age and sex Genetic profile (e.g. MTHFR variants - read more on this here) Gut health and microbiome Pre-existing nutrient levels Chronic illness or inflammation Medication use (e.g. the contraceptive pill may reduce absorption of some nutrients) The Proceive® Approach At Proceive®, bioavailability is at the heart of our formulations. We use high-quality, well-researched nutrient forms that are recognised for their absorbability. No unnecessary fillers or binders, just carefully selected ingredients designed to support your patient’s fertility and pregnancy journey. Proceive® products are delivered in capsules and sachets for ease of use and effective uptake, and every formula is built around what the body can actually absorb and utilise. Clinical Considerations When recommending supplements, it’s worth looking beyond the headline nutrient list. Consider: What form the nutrients are in Whether they interact positively or negatively with one another How well the supplement is likely to be absorbed based on the individual’s health status In fertility and preconception care, timing is critical and so is the form of nutrition. A product designed with bioavailability in mind is more likely to deliver meaningful results. Key Takeaways We are not just what we eat; we are what we absorb and utilise A supplement is only effective if the nutrients reach the body’s cells Proceive® goes further: more nutrients, in forms the body can actually absorb (such as Methylfolate) During conception and pregnancy, the body needs more than just the minimum, we provide optimal levels in bioavailable forms. References H.C. Schönfeldt, B. Pretorius, N. Hall, Bioavailability of Nutrients, Editor(s): Benjamin Caballero, Paul M. Finglas, Fidel Toldrá, Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press, 2016, Pages 401-406, ISBN 9780123849533. Gibson, R. S. (2007). The Role of Diet- and Host-Related Factors in Nutrient Bioavailability and Thus in Nutrient-Based Dietary Requirement Estimates. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 28(1_suppl1), S77–S100. Melse-Boonstra A. (2020). Bioavailability of Micronutrients From Nutrient-Dense Whole Foods: Zooming in on Dairy, Vegetables, and Fruits. Frontiers in nutrition, 7, 101.
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Research: Most Women Are Not Getting the Nutrients They Need for a Healthy Pregnancy
For Healthcare Professionals Only An international study has found that the majority of women are not getting the essential nutrients needed to support a healthy pregnancy and researchers warn the situation could worsen as more people adopt vegetarian or vegan diets. The research, which analysed the vitamin status of 1,729 women in the UK, Singapore and New Zealand, focused on key nutrients typically found in meat and dairy, including vitamins D, B12, B6, folic acid and riboflavin. These nutrients are critical during pregnancy: Folic acid and vitamin B12 help reduce the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida Vitamin D supports the immune system and supports healthy bones, teeth, and muscle function Riboflavin plays a role in the development of bones, muscles, and the nervous system in the growing baby Over 90% of the women studied had low or marginal levels of one or more of these vitamins. Many also showed signs of vitamin B6 deficiency by late pregnancy. Professor Keith Godfrey, lead author and professor of epidemiology at the University of Southampton, commented: “The push to reduce our dependence on meat and dairy to achieve net-zero carbon emissions is likely to further deplete expecting mothers of vital nutrients, which could have lasting effects on unborn children.” The Study: Supplementation and Results Participants were divided into two groups: An intervention group of 870 women A control group of 859 women Both groups received a basic supplement containing: 400mcg folic acid 12mg iron 150mg calcium 150mcg iodine 720mcg beta-carotene However, the control group was given a broader micronutrient formula, including: 1.8mg riboflavin 2.6mg vitamin B6 5.2mcg vitamin B12 10mcg vitamin D 10mg zinc Myo-inositol and probiotics Blood samples were collected at four points: pre-conception, early pregnancy, late pregnancy, and six months postpartum. The results? Supplements that included a wider range of vitamins and minerals substantially reduced the prevalence of deficiencies both before and during pregnancy. The researchers concluded that, in high-income countries, where diets are increasingly plant-based and potentially less nutrient-dense, micronutrient supplementation should be more actively considered as part of routine preconception and pregnancy care. “The findings suggest a need to reappraise dietary recommendations for preconception and pregnancy, and to further explore the role of comprehensive multinutrient supplements,” they added. NHS Guidance and Real-World Gaps Current NHS guidance recommends that women trying to conceive take 400mcg folic acid daily from before pregnancy through to 12 weeks, to help reduce the risk of birth defects. A daily vitamin D supplement is also advised. But this new study highlights a broader issue: even among women in high-income countries, widespread nutrient insufficiency is present before pregnancy even begins. Prof Godfrey added: “Our study shows that almost every woman trying to conceive had insufficient levels of one or more vitamin, and this figure is only going to get worse as the world moves towards plant-based diets. People think nutrient deficiency is only an issue in low-income countries - but it’s clearly affecting the majority of women in wealthier nations too.” The study was published in PLOS Medicine and led by researchers from the University of Southampton, with support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Auckland, National University of Singapore, and Singapore’s Agency for Science, Research and Technology.
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Folic Acid vs. Folate: What’s the Difference and Why It Matters for Your Patients
What’s the Difference and Why It Matters for Your Patients.
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